Real-time sonoelastography and ultrasound evaluation of the Achilles tendon in patients with diabetes with or without foot ulcers: a cross sectional study
Evranos B, Idilman I, Ipek A, Polat SB, Cakir B, Ersoy R
J Diabetes Complications. 2015 Aug 20. [Epub ahead of print]
Introduction
´ç´¢´Â ´ë»çÀÌ»ó°ú Àå±â°£ ÇÕº´ÁõÀ¸·Î Ư¡Áö¾îÁö´Â ³»ºÐºñÀå¾ÖÀÌ´Ù. ´Ü¹éÁúÀÇ non-enzymatic glycationÀº ´ç´¢¿¡¼ ÇÕº´Áõ ¹ß»ý¿¡ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù. ¾Æų·¹½º°Ç(AT)Àº ÀÎü¿¡¼ °¡Àå °ÇÏ°í Å©¸ç µÎ²¨¿î ÈûÁÙÀÌ°í ¹ßÀÇ »ýü¿ªÇп¡ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù.
AT´Â ±â°èÀûÀÎ Ãæ°ÝÀ» Èí¼öÇÏ°í propulsion½Ã¿¡ longitudinal arch¸¦ ¾ÈÁ¤½ÃÅ°°í ÂøÁö±â°£¿¡´Â ºØ±«µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ¹æÁöÇÑ´Ù. ATÀÇ static stiffness°¡ ÀüÁ·ºÎ ºÎÇϸ¦ Áõ°¡½ÃÅ°´Âµ¥ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸°íµÇ°í Àִµ¥ ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇØ Á·ºÎ±Ë¾çÀ» ¹ß»ý½ÃÅ°´Â º´¸®ÇÐÀû °úÁ¤ÀÌ ½ÃÀ۵Ǵ °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. °íÇ÷´ç¿¡ ±âÀÎÇÑ nonenzymatic glycation¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ±ÙÀ°, ¿¬°ñ, ÈûÁÙ ¹× Àδ븦 Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ÀÎü Á¶Á÷¿¡ ´çÈ ÃÖÁ¾»ê¹°ÀÌ ÃàÀûµÈ´Ù. AT µÎ²²´Â Á¦1Çü ¹× Á¦2Çü ´ç´¢ ȯÀÚ¿¡¼ Áõ°¡µÇ´Âµ¥ ƯÈ÷ ´Ù¹ß¼º ½Å°æº´ÁõÀÌ Àִ ȯÀÚ¿¡¼ ´õ¿í ±×·¸´Ù.
Sonoelastography (SE)´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¶Á÷°ú º´º¯ÀÇ Åº¼º°ú °Á÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â »õ·Î¿î ÃÊÀ½ÆÄ¿µ»ó±â¹ýÀÌ´Ù. SE´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ Àӻ󿵿ª¿¡ Àû¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸³ª ±Ù°ñ°Ý°è Áúȯ°ú ´ç´¢È¯Àڵ鿡¼´Â ¾ÆÁ÷ Àû±ØÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÖ´Ù. ½Ç½Ã°£ SE´Â ÈûÁÙÀÇ °æµµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À¯¿ëÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ°í B-mode ÃÊÀ½ÆÄ·Î º¸¿ÏÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. SEÀÇ color-coded image¿¡¼ Á¤»ó ÈûÁÙÀº ´Ü´ÜÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ÆĶõ»ö°ú ³ì»ö À½¿µÀ¸·Î º¸ÀÌ°í º´ÀûÀ¸·Î º¯¼ºµÇ¸é ÈûÁÙÀÇ °Á÷ÀÌ °¨¼ÒÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î Áߵ ¿¬ÈµÈ(softening) °æ¿ì´Â ³ë¶õ»öÀ¸·Î ÁßÁõÀÎ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â »¡°£»ö À½¿µÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ.
ÀÌ¿¡ ÀúÀÚµéÀº ¹ß ÁúȯÀÌ Àְųª ¾ø´Â Á¦2Çü ´ç´¢ ȯÀÚµéÀÇ AT µÎ²²¿Í °Á÷À» Æò°¡ÇÏ°í ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ¿äÀεéÀ» ¿¬±¸Çغ¸°íÀÚ ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
Material and Methods
78¸íÀÇ ´ç´¢È¯ÀÚ Áß ¹ß ±Ë¾çÀÌ ÀÖ´Â 35¸íÀÇ È¯ÀÚ¸¦ group IÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿´°í ¹ß ±Ë¾çÀÌ ¾ø´Â 43¸íÀÇ È¯ÀÚ¸¦ group II·Î ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ¿¬·É, ¼º, BMI¸¦ °í·ÁÇÑ °Ç°ÇÑ ´ë»óÀÚ 33¸íÀ» ´ëÁ¶±ºÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¸ðµç ´ë»óÀÚ¿¡°Ô ATÀÇ ÃÊÀ½ÆÄ°Ë»ç¿Í SE¸¦ ½ÃÇàÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ¾Æų·¹½º°Ç µÎ²²(ATT), °Á÷(ATS)¸¦ ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¸ðµç ´ç´¢ ȯÀÚµéÀº fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ¿Í glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) °Ë»ç¸¦ ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç ±× ¿ÜÀÇ ´ç´¢ ÇÕº´Áõ°ú °ü·ÃµÈ °Ë»çµéÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù.
°¢°¢ÀÇ AT´Â axial°ú longitudinal plane¿¡¼ °Ë»çÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç AT´Â ±ÙÀ§ºÎ 1/3(±Ù°Ç Á¢ÇÕºÎ), Áß°£ 1/3(Á¾°ñ ºÎÂøºÎ·ÎºÎÅÍ 2-6 cm), ¿øÀ§ºÎ 1/3(Á¾°ñ ºÎÂøºÎ)·Î ±¸ºÐÇÏ¿´´Ù. °¢ ¼¼ ºÎÀ§ÀÇ ÀüÈÄ¹æ °Å¸®´Â transverse scanÀ¸·Î ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ¿´°í ½Ç½Ã°£ SE ¿µ»óÀº longitudinal plane¿¡¼ È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù. Á¶Á÷ ź¼º ºÐÆ÷´Â ½Ç½Ã°£À¸·Î ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ¿´°í °á°ú´Â B-mode ¿µ»óÀ¸·Î °ãÃÄÁø color mapÀ¸·Î Ç¥½ÃµÇ¾ú´Ù. »ö ¹üÀ§´Â ÆĶõ»ö(hard)ºÎÅÍ »¡°£»ö(soft) ±îÁö À̾ú°í Á¶Á÷ÀÇ »ó´ëÀûÀÎ °Á÷ Á¤µµ¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»¾ú´Ù.
ÈûÁÙÀÇ Åº¼ºÀº µÎ °¡ÁöÀÇ ÁÖµÈ ÇüÅÂ, Áï type 1Àº ÆĶõ»ö/³ì»ö (hard tissue), type 2´Â ³ì»ö ³»ÀÇ ³ë¶õ»ö/»¡°£»ö (intermediate-soft tissue)À¸·Î ±¸ºÐÇÏ¿´´Ù. À̵é typeÀ» ´Ù½Ã µÎ subtypeÀ¸·Î Á¤ÀÇÇÏ¿´´Ù. Type 1a blue predominance, type 1b green predominance, type 2a small yellow/red areas within green predominance, type 2b small green areas within yellow-red predominance. ÀÌ Á¤ÀÇ¿¡ µû¸£¸é type 1a¿¡¼ 2b·Î °¥¼ö·Ï Á¶Á÷ÀÇ Åº¼ºÀº ´Ü´ÜÇÔ¿¡¼ ºÎµå·¯¿òÀ¸·Î ÁøÇàµÈ´Ù.
Fig. 1. The elasticity of tendons by sonoelastography. (a) Type 1a blue predominance; (b) type 1b green predominance; (c) type 2a small yellow/red areas within green predominance; (d) type 2b small green areas within yellow–red predominance. The elasticity of the tissue was in a spectrum ranging from hard to soft as the type progresses from 1a to 2b.
Results
AT´Â Group II¿Í ´ëÁ¶±º¿¡ ºñÇØ Group IÀÌ ÀǹÌÀÖ°Ô µÎ²¨¿ü´Ù. AbA1C, FPG¿Í ´ç´¢À¯º´±â°£Àº Group IÀÌ ³ô¾Ò´Ù. ATT´Â Group I¿¡¼ ½Å°æº´Áõ, ¸Á¸·º´Áõ, ½ÅÀ庴Áõ, ¸»Ãʵ¿¸ÆÁúȯ, °ü»óµ¿¸ÆÁúȯ°ú ¾çÀÇ »ó°ü°ü°è¸¦ º¸¿´À¸³ª Group II¿¡¼´Â »ó°ü°ü°è¸¦ º¼ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ATS´Â Group II¿Í ´ëÁ¶±º¿¡ ºñÇØ Group I¿¡¼ °¨¼ÒµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
Conclusion
´ç´¢È¯ÀÚ¿¡¼ AT ±¸Á¶ÀÇ º¯È°¡ ¹ßÁúȯ¿¡ ¼±ÇàµÇ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ ¿¬±¸´Â ´ç´¢È¯ÀÚ¿¡¼ ATÀÇ SE °á°ú¿Í ATT¿Í ´Ù¸¥ ´ç´¢ÇÕº´Áõ°úÀÇ »ó°ü°ü°è¸¦ óÀ½À¸·Î º¸°íÇÑ ³í¹®ÀÌ´Ù.