Is non-operative management of childhood neurologic cavovarus foot effective?
Introduction
¿äÁ·¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ä¡·á´Â ¼·Î ´Ù¸¥ ¸¹Àº ÀÇ°ßµéÀÌ Ãæµ¹ÇÑ´Ù. ¿äÁ·ÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬Àû ÁøÇàÀº ¾Æµ¿ÀÇ ¼ºÀå°ú ¿äÁ·À» ÁøÇà½ÃÅ°´Â ½Å°æÇÐÀû º´ÀÎÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ÁÁÁö ¾ÊÀº °á°ú¸¦ ÃÊ·¡ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ¸¹´Ù. ¿äÁ·À¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ º¯ÇüÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ±â´ÉÀûÀÎ Áõ»óÀ» À¯¹ßÇϴµ¥, ¹ß¸ñ°ú ¹ß¹Ù´ÚÀÇ ÅëÁõ°ú 5¹ø° ÁßÁ·°ñÀÇ ±âÀúºÎºÐ°ú ù¹ø° ÁßÁ·°ñÀÇ °ñµÎ¿¡ ±»Àº»ìÀÌ Àß »ý±ä´Ù.
º¯ÇüÀÌ ´õ ÁøÇàµÇ¸é ÀüÁ·ºÎÀÇ È¸³» ȤÀº ¿Ü¹Ý°ú ÈÄÁ·ºÎÀÇ È¸¿Ü ȤÀº ³»¹ÝÀÌ ÀϾ¼ Á¾Á·ºÎ ´ÜÀ§(calcaneopedal unit)ÀÇ ºñƲ¸²ÀÌ À¯¹ßµÈ´Ù. ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ ¿äÁ·ÀÇ º´ÀÎÀº Àü°æ°ñ±Ù°ú ´Üºñ°ñ±ÙÀÇ ±â´ÉÀÌ»óÀ̸ç ÀÌÂ÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ³»Àç±Ù(intrinsic muscle)ÀÇ ±â´ÉÀúÇÏÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ Áúº´Àº »þÄÚ-¸¶¸®¿¡-Åõ½º (Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease)·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.
¿äÁ·ÀÇ ÁøÇà°úÁ¤¿¡¼ ³»Àç±ÙÀÇ À§¾àÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ ÁßÁ·Áö°üÀýÀÇ ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤È°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÏ°í ±æÇ×±ÙÀÎ ÀåÁ·Áö½Å±Ù°ú À幫Áö½Å±ÙÀº È°¼ºµÇ¾î ÁßÁ·Áö°üÀýÀÇ °ú½ÅÀüÀ» À¯¹ßÇÑ´Ù. À̴ ù¹ø° ¹ß°¡¶ôÀÇ Á·Àú°Ç¸·(plantar aponeurosis)ÀÇ Àå·ÂÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃÄÑ Á·Àú±Ã(plantar arch)ÀÇ ³ôÀ̸¦ Áõ°¡½ÃŲ´Ù.
¿äÁ·ÀÇ ÁøÇà°úÁ¤¿¡¼ ÈÄÁ·ºÎÀÇ º¯ÇüÀº Ãʱ⿡´Â À¯¿¬ÇÑ ³»¹Ý º¯ÇüÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»Áö¸¸ ¼ºÀå¿¡ µû¶ó Á¡Â÷·Î ±»¾îÁø´Ù. ¿äÁ·ÀÇ È¯¿ø¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °Ë»ç´Â ÀüÁ·ºÎÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹èÁ¦ÇÏ°í °Å°ñ³»¹ÝÀ» ±³Á¤ÇØ º¸´Â Coleman and Chesnut¡¯s block °Ë»ç°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. Á¤¸®ÇÏ¸é ¿äÁ·(cavovarus)´Â ÀüÁ·ºÎÀÇ º¯ÇüÀÌ ¸ÕÀú ÀϾ°í ÀÌ¿¡ µû¶ó ÈÄÁ·ºÎ°¡ º¯ÇüµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿ì¸®´Â ºñ¼ö¼úÀûÀÎ Ä¡·á°¡ À¯³â±â¿¡ ¿äÁ·ÀÇ ±³Á¤À» ÃæºÐÈ÷ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °¡Á¤ÇÏ¿¡ Untwisting nocturnal splint ¿Í Untwisting walking cast ¸¦ °³¹ßÇÏ¿© Àû¿ëÇØ º¸¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ¼¼ºÎÀûÀ¸·Î Splint ÀÌÀü¿¡ Cast ¸¦ Àû¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Ä¡·á¿¡ ´õ È¿°úÀûÀÏ °ÍÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
Material and Method
2002³âºÎÅÍ 2010³â±îÁö 8³âµ¿¾È 23¸í, 35Á·À» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÁøÇàÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿äÁ·ÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀº »þÄÚ-¸¶¸®¿¡-Åõ½º(15¸í,22Á·), ³ú¿¬ÈÁõ(3¸í,5Á·), ³ú¼º¸¶ºñ(2¸í, 3Á·), ô¼ö¿°³(1¸í, 1Á·), ¿°»öüÀÌ»ó(1¸í,2Á·)À̾ú´Ù. Ä¡·á¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇÒ ¶§ Æò±Õ ³ªÀÌ´Â 8.8¼¼(5-15¼¼) ¿´À¸¸ç, Ä¡·á ½ÃÀÛ ´ç½Ã ÈÄÁ·ºÎ °íÁ¤»óÅ¿¡¼ üÁßÁöÁö Ãø¸é Á·ºÎ X-ray ¿Í Meary angle(°Å°ñ-Á¦1ÁßÁ·°ñÀÇ °¢µµ) µµ ÇÔ²² ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç Æò±Õ 16µµ¿´´Ù. Ä¡·á ¹æ¹ýÀº 3ÁÖ°£ ù¹ø° Cast ¸¦ Àû¿ë ÈÄ ±³Á¤À» À§ÇØ µÎ¹ø° Cast ¸¦ ´Ù½Ã Á¦ÀÛÇÏ¿© 3ÁÖ°£ Àû¿ëÇÏ°í, ÀÌÈÄ Splint ¸¦ Àû¿ëÇÏ´Â ¼ø¼·Î ÁøÇàÇÑ ±ºÀÌ 13Á·(37)À̾úÀ¸¸ç, ¼Ò¾ÆÀÇ ºÎ¸ð°¡ cast ¸¦ °ÅºÎ ÇÏ¿© Splint ¸¸ Àû¿ëÇÑ ±ºÀÌ 22Á·(63%) À̾ú´Ù. Splint ´Â ¼ºÀå Á¾·á½Ã±îÁö Àû¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù. Ä¡·á Á¾·á ½ÃÁ¡¿¡¼ Wicart-Seringe Grades(Table 3)¸¦ Àû¿ëÇÏ¿© °á°ú¸¦ ºñ±³ÇÏ°í, Mann-Whitney test ·Î ºÐ¼®ÇÏ¿´´Ù. °æ°ú°¡ ÁÁÁö ¾Ê¾Æ ¼ö¼úÀ» ÇÑ °æ¿ì´Â ¸ðµÎ Poor Grade ·Î ºÐ·ùÇÏ¿´´Ù.
Untwisting walkinig cast (Table1, Fig.1.)
Deformity |
Action by surgeon |
Action by assistant |
|
Cavus and equines
Adduction of
calcaneopedal unit
Talar varus
Forefoot pronation |
Ankle at 90◦
Lateral rotation (abduction) of foot
Mediolateral pressure on heel
Forefoot supination,
Maintaining mediolateral pressure on heel |
Pressure on knee
Medial rotation of leg
Lateromedial pressure on leg
No specitic action |
Untwisting nocturnal splint (Table2, Fig.2.)
Effect of splint |
Deformity component coreected |
|
Ankle at 90◦
Forefoot supination
Hindfoot valgus
Dorsolateral strap |
Cavus and equines
Forefoot pronation
Hindfoot varus
Cavus, dorsal hump and hindfoot varus |
Table 3. Wicart-Seringe grades
Results |
Functional signs |
Clinical position of heel and Méary angle |
Very good |
None |
VG, and 0◦ ¡Â Méary angle ¡Â 15◦ Or N or VR, and 0◦ ¡Â Méary angle ¡Â 5◦ |
Good |
None |
VG, and 15◦ < Méary angle ¡Â 20◦ Or N, and 5◦ < Méary angle ¡Â 20◦ Or VR, and 5◦ < Méary angle ¡Â 15◦ Or −15 ¡Â Méary angle < 0 (minor hypercorrection) |
Moderate |
None |
VG or N, and Méary angle > 20◦ Or VR, and Méary angle > 15◦ Or Méary angle < −15◦ (major hypercorrection) |
Poor |
Pain and/or instability |
VR, and Méary angle > 20◦ Or cavus surgery |
VG: talar valgus; N: heel in neutral position; VR: talar varus
Result (Table4)
ÀÓ»óÀûÀ¸·Î 65%¿¡¼ Very Good ¶Ç´Â Good Grade ¸¦ º¸¿´°í, ±â´ÉÀûÀ¸·Î 79% ¿¡¼ È£ÀüµÇ¾ú´Ù.
ÈÄÁ·ºÎ ³»¹ÝÀº 25Á·(69%) ¿¡¼ ±³Á¤µÇ¾ú´Ù. Meary Angle Àº Ä¡·áÀû Æò±Õ 16µµ¿¡¼ Ä¡·á Á¾·á ÈÄ
Æò±Õ 7.5µµ·Î °¨¼ÒÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¸² 3°ú 4´Â ÀÓ»óÀû, ¹æ»ç¼±ÀûÀ¸·Î ÁÁÀº °á°úÀÇ ¿¹¸¦ º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù
Table 4 Results according to Wicart-Seringe grade
CMT: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease; C + S: casts + splint; S: splint.
|
Whole series
(n = 35) (%) |
CMT
(n = 22) (%) |
Other etiologies
(n = 13) (%) |
C + S
(n = 13) (%) |
S
(n = 22) (%) |
Very good result
Good result
Moderate result
Poor result |
15(42)
8(23)
1(3)
11(32) |
11(50)
5(23)
1(4)
5(23) |
5(38)
2(16)
1(8)
5(38) |
7(54)
4(31)
2(15) |
8(36)
1(5)
3(14)
10(45) |
Fig. 3. Clinical result in a 10-year-old girl with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. A and B. Initial aspect of foot: indication for surgical correction (POWOC) in left foot (moresevere) and cast + splint in right foot. C and D. Result at 16 years: very good
Fig. 4. Radiologic result in an 11-year-old girl with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. A. Pre-treatment weight-bearing radiograph: maximal cavus (Méary angle = 33◦). B. Pre-treatment weight-bearing radiograph: above (without block): Méary angle underestimated (15◦); below (with block): true Méary angle of 29◦. Cavus lessened in weight-bearing. Transverse defects not completely reducible. C. Untwisting walking cast: incomplete correction of cavus (Méary angle = 17◦) but complete correction of transversedefects. D. Result at 18 years: complete correction of cavus and transverse defects.
Discussion
ÀÌ ¿¬±¸ÀÇ Á¦ÇÑÁ¡Àº ÇÇÇèÀÚ ¼ö°¡ Àû°í, ºñÁøÇ༺ ¹× ÁøÇ༺ Á·ºÎ¸¦ ¸ðµÎ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, Ä¡·á ½ÃÀÛ Àü¿¡ ¿äÁ·ÀÇ Á¤µµ¸¦ Æò°¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×µ¿¾È ºñ¼ö¼úÀû ¿äÁ·ÀÇ Ä¡·á¸¦ ½ÃÇàÇÑ ÇÑ °ÇÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼´Â ÁÁÁö ¾ÊÀº °á°ú¸¦ º¸°í ÇÏ¿´À¸³ª, 6ÁÖ¸¸ Splint ¸¦ Âø¿ëÇÏ¿´°í ¼ºÀÎÀ» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿© °ñÀÇ ÀçÇü¼º ±âȸ°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼ ÀÌ ¿¬±¸°ú´Â Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. º» ¿¬±¸¿¡¼ ½ÃÇàÇÑ ±³Á¤Àº È¿°úÀûÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, ¼ö¼úÀÇ À§Ç輺À» °¨¼Ò½ÃÄ×´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¼ö¼úÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °æ¿ì¿¡µµ Æò±Õ 4.5³âÀ» ¿¬Àå½ÃÄÑ ´ÜÀÏ ´Ü°èÀÇ ±³Á¤ÀÌ °¡´ÉÇϸç, ¹Ýº¹¼ö¼úÀ» ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ¼ö¼ú ÈÄÀÇ ÀÜ¿© ¼ºÀå¿¡¼ ¹ß»ýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â º¯ÇüÀ» ¿¹¹æÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©±âÁø´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ Splint ¸¸ ÇÏ´Â °Íº¸´Ù Cast ÀÌÈÄ Splint ¸¦ Àû¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¼ö¼úÀÇ À§Ç輺À» °¨¼Ò½ÃÅ°Áö´Â ¾ÊÁö¸¸ Àû¾îµµ Meary Angle ±³Á¤¸é¿¡¼´Â ´õ È¿°úÀûÀÓÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù.
Ä¡·á ½ÃÀÛ ´ç½Ã 10¼¼ ¹Ì¸¸ÀÇ ¾î¸° ³ªÀÌ¿¡¼´Â ¿¹ÈÄ°¡ ÁÁÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯´Â º¯ÇüÀÇ ÁøÇà°ú ¼ºÀåÀÌ ³¡³ª±â Àü Àç¹ßÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ Splinting¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÒ·®ÇÑ ¼øÀÀµµµµ ÁÁÁö ¾ÊÀº ¿¹ÈÄ ÀÎÀÚ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼ Cast ¿Í Splint ¸¦ ¿¬¼ÓÀ¸·Î Àû¿ëÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇÕº´ÁõÀº ¾ø¾úÁö¸¸ »þÄÚ-¸¶¸®¿¡-Åõ½º º´°ú °°Àº ¹Î°¨ÇÑ Áúº´ÀÇ È¯ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ij½ºÆ®¿Í ºÎ¸ñÀ» Àû¿ëÇÒ ¶§¿¡´Â ÁÖÀǸ¦ ±â¿ïÀÌ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢µÈ´Ù.
Conclusion
À̹ø ¿¬±¸´Â ¼Ò¾Æ¿¡¼ ½Å°æÀμº ¿äÁ·ÀÇ ºñ¼ö¼úÀû Ä¡·áÀÇ È¿¿ë¼ºÀ» ÀÔÁõÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ¼ö¼úÀ» ÇÇÇϰųª(¼ºÀå ¸»±â 50%¿¡¼) Æò±Õ 4.5³âÀ» ¿¬±âÇÏ¿´´Ù. Meary Angle ÀÌ 15µµ°¡ µÇ¸é ¹Ù·Î Untwisting walking cast ÀÌÈÄ Untwisting nocturnal splint ¸¦ Àû¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ±ÇÀåÇÑ´Ù.