Toe walking: causes, epidemiology, assessment, and treatment
Joseph J. Ruzbarsky, David Scher, and Emily Dodwell
Curr Opin Pediatr 2016, 28:40-46
Key points
l Toe walking can be related to structural abnormalities such as tendon contracture or leg length discrepancy, or neurologic/neuromuscular conditions such as autism, cerebral palsy, or muscular dystrophy.
l Most cases of toe walking are idiopathic, without a discernable underlying cause.
l Physical therapy, orthotics, serial casting, chemical denervation, and surgical lengthening of the gastroc–soleus–Achilles complex are described treatment options.
l Treatment for toe walking is based on age, underlying cause, and the severity of tendon contracture.
l Recent systematic reviews show good evidence for the use of casting and surgery, with surgical interventions showing the most promising long term results.
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1. º´·Â ûÃë
°¡Á·ÀÇ °ü½É ºÎºÐ, ±â´É»óÀÇ ¹®Á¦, ÅëÁõÀÇ À¯¹«, »çȸÀû ±â´ÉÀÇ ¹®Á¦, ¿ÜÇüÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦, Ãâ»ý°ú ¹ß´Þ ¹®Á¦, ¹ß»ý ½ÃÁ¡, ¹ßµÚ²ÞÄ¡ µó±â °¡´É ¿©ºÎ, ³»°úÀû, ¿Ü°úÀû °ú°Å·Â, °¡Á··Â, Ä¡·á °æÇè µîÀ» ÀÚ¼¼È÷ È®ÀÎÇÏ¿©¾ßÇÑ´Ù.
2. ÁøÂû
¾ÆÀÌ°¡ Áø·á½Ç¿¡ °É¾î µé¾î¿À±â±îÁö °üÂûÀ» ÇÏÀÚ. ¸Ç¹ß°ú ½Å¹ßÀ» ½ÅÀº »óÅ¿¡¼ ¹ßµÚ²ÞÄ¡¸¦ ¶¥¿¡ ´êµµ·Ï ³ë·ÂÇÏ¸é¼ ÀÚ¿¬½º·´°Ô º¸ÇàÀ» Çϵµ·Ï ÇÏ°í »ç¹æ¿¡¼ º¸Çà ¾ç»óÀ» È®ÀÎÇÑ´Ù. ÀÔ°¢±â¿¡ equinusÀÇ Á¤µµ, À¯°¢±â¿¡ ¹è±¼ÀÌ ÀûÀýÇÑÁö, ¹«¸°ú °í°üÀýÀÇ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓ, ±îÄ¡¹ß º¸ÇàÀ» ÇÑÂÊÀ¸·Î ¸¸ ÇÏ´ÂÁö, »óÁöÀÇ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓÀº Á¤»óÀûÀÎÁö, ¼ÀÖ´Â ÀÚ¼¼¿¡¼ ¹ßµÚ²ÞÄ¡°¡ ¶¥¿¡ ´ê´ÂÁö, ´Ù¸® ±æÀÌ Â÷ÀÌ´Â ¾ø´ÂÁö, ±ÙÀ§ÃàÀº ¾ø´ÂÁö µîÀ» °üÂûÇÑ´Ù. Silverskiold test (Fig. 2)¸¦ ½ÃÇàÇÏ¿© ¹è±¼ÀÌ ¾ÈµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ gastrocnemius tightness ¸¸ÀÇ ¹®Á¦ÀÎÁö, soleus tightness ¿Í µ¿¹ÝµÈ ¹®Á¦ÀÎÁö ±¸º°ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÇǺÎÀÇ callouses or erythema ¿©ºÎ, ½Å¹ßÀÌ ´â´Â ÆÐÅÏÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ´Â °Íµµ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. Full neurologic examÀ» ½ÃÇàÇÏ¿© ´Ù¸¥ ½Å°æÇÐÀû Áúȯ°ú ±ÙÀ°º´ µîÀ» ¹èÁ¦ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ°í ½Å°æÇÐÀû °Ë»ç°¡ Á¤»óÀûÀÌ´õ¶óµµ 3-5³â ÀÌ»óÀÇ ±îÄ¡¹ß º¸ÇàÀ» º¸¿´´Ù¸é ½Å°æ°ú Àǻ翡°Ô ÀÇ·ÚÇØ ´Ù¸¥ ¹®Á¦¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.
3. Áø´ÜÀû °Ë»ç
Lab(CPK), Imaging(rigid equinus deformity), º¸Çà ºÐ¼®, EMG(GCMÀÇ early firingÀÌ IWT¿Í diplegic cerebral palsy µÑ´Ù¿¡¼ °üÂûµÇÁö¸¸ knee extension »óÅ¿¡¼ GCM coactivationÀº ³ú¼º¸¶ºñ¿¡¼ ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ °üÂûµÇ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖÀ½), Brain and spinal MRI °Ë»ç µîÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ÁúȯÀ» ¹èÁ¦Çϱâ À§ÇØ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.
4. Ä¡·á – IDIOPATHIC TOE WALKING
Cueing, physical therapy & stretching, Botox ´Â °üÂûÇϸç ÁöÄѺ¸´Â °Í º¸´Ù ¶Ù¾î³ª´Ù´Â Áõ°Å°¡ ºÒ¸íÈ®ÇÏ´Ù. Rigid inserts¿Í AFO´Â ´Üµ¶À¸·Î Å« È¿°ú°¡ ¾øÀ¸¸ç AFO´Â ¼ö¼ú ÈÄ »óÅ¿¡¼ µµ¿òÀ» ÁØ´Ù. 5¼¼ ÀÌÇÏ¿¡¼´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ º¸Á¸ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýµéÀ» ÀûÀýÇÏ°Ô case¿¡ ¸Â°Ô Àû¿ëÇÏ¸é¼ ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ¼Ò½ÇµÇ´ÂÁö¸¦ °üÂûÇÑ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ 5¼¼ À̻󿡼µµ Áö¼ÓµÉ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â CastingÀ» Àû¿ëÇØ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¹è±¼ÀÌ 10µµ ÀÌ»ó ³ª¿Ã °æ¿ì 6ÁÖ µ¿¾È ÃÖ´ëÇÑ ¹è±¼ °¢µµ·Î °íÁ¤Çؼ castingÀ» ½ÃÇàÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ½À°üÀ» ±³Á¤ÇØ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ¹è±¼ÀÌ 10 µµ ÀÌÇÏ¿¡¼ Á¦ÇѵǾî ÀÖÀ» °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ¸Å 1-2ÁÖ ¸¶´Ù castingÀ» ¹Ù²Ù¸é¼ ÃÖ´ëÇÑÀÇ ¹è±¼ °¢µµ¸¦ ȸº¹ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ 7¼¼°¡ ³ÑÀ¸¸é castingÀº Å©°Ô È¿°ú°¡ ¾ø°í ¹è±¼ÀÌ neutralÀ» ȸº¹ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ¸é ¼ö¼úÀû Ä¡·á¸¦ °í·ÁÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
5. Ä¡·á – AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS
ITWÀÇ Ä¡·á ¾Ë°í¸®Áò°ú ºñ½ÁÇÏ°Ô ½ÃµµÇØ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸³ª ÀÎÁö ÀúÇÏ, °¨°¢ ÀÌ»ó µîÀÇ ¹®Á¦·Î Ä¡·á¿¡ Àß ¹ÝÀÀÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¹Ç·Î ÅëÁõÀ̳ª ±â´ÉÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦°¡ Å©°Ô ¹®Á¦ µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ÁöÄÑ º¸´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿ì¼±ÀÌ°í ±¸ÃàÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÒ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ¼ö¼ú Ä¡·á ÈÄ AFO¸¦ Âø¿ëÇÏ¿© Àç¹ßÀ» ¹æÁö ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
6. °á·Ð
±îÄ¡¹ß º¸ÇàÀº ±âÀú Áúȯ°ú ¿¬°üÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °æ¿ì Ư¹ß¼º ±îÄ¡¹ß º¸ÇàÀ¸·Î º´·Â ûÃë, ÀÌÇÐÀû °Ë»ç, Áø´ÜÀû °Ë»ç¸¦ ½ÃÇàÇÏ¿© ¿øÀÎÀ» È®ÀÎ ÈÄ ÁúȯÀ» ¹èÁ¦ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇϸç Ä¡·á ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÇöÀç±îÁö´Â serial casting°ú surgical lengtheningÀÌ °¡Àå È¿°úÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹àÇôÁ® ÀÖÀ¸³ª ÇâÈÄ ÀüÇâÀûÀÎ ºñ±³ ¿¬±¸°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ »óÅÂÀÌ´Ù.