<Gait
alterations in the UAE population with and without diabetic complications using
both traditional and entropy measures>
Kinda Khalaf, Haitham M. Al-Angari, Ahsan H. Khandoker,
Sungmun Lee, Wael Almahmeed, Habiba S. Al Safar, Herbert F. Jelinek
Gait & Posture 58 (2017) 72–77
1. Introduction
´ç´¢º´
ȯÀÚµéÀÇ ¼Õ»óµÈ º¸ÇàÀº ´Ù¸éÀûÀ̸ç, ÀüÇüÀûÀ¸·Î central
nervous system dysfunction »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó sensory impairment,
lower-extremity strength, mobility, fore-producing capacityÀÇ °¨¼ÒÀÇ º¹ÇÕ »óÈ£ ÀÛ¿ëÀ¸·Î
±âÀÎÇÏ´Ù. ´ç´¢º´°ú °ü·ÃµÈ º¸Çà º¯È¿¡ °üÇÑ ¹®ÇåÀº dzºÎÇÏÁö¸¸, ´Ù¾çÇÑ
Á¾·ùÀÇ neuropathy¿Í °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© µ¿Àû º¸Çà º¯ÈÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ°ú Á¤µµ¸¦ ¼ö·®ÈÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ºÒºÐ¸íÇÏ´Ù. ÀÓ»óÀû °üÁ¡¿¡¼ º¼ ¶§, ¹ß ±Ë¾çÀÇ À§Ç輺ÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ´ç´¢º´ ȯÀÚÀÇ
ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ÀÓ»ó Æò°¡´Â ÇöÀç ½Ã°¢Àû Æò°¡¸¦ ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î Çϸç, Á¤·®ÈµÈ biomechanical-based
ÆĶó¹ÌÅÍ¿¡´Â ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÖ´Ù.
Àΰ£ÀÇ
º¸ÇàÀº º¹ÀâÇϸç, ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î nonlinearity, non-stationarity, asymmetry, & multiscale
variabilityÇÏ´Ù. Nonlinear
dynamics ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼ entropy´Â irregularity¸¦ Á¤·®ÈÇÏ´Â ÃøÁ¤ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ´Ù. ½ÅÈ£°¡ ´õ ¿¹Ãø °¡´ÉÇÒ¼ö·Ï entropy °ªÀÌ ³·¾ÆÁø´Ù. Á¤»óÀûÀÎ »ýü ½ÅÈ£´Â ³ôÀº entropy °ªÀ» º¸¿© ÁÖ¸ç, ÀÌ´Â complexity¿Í
unpredictability¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.
º»
¿¬±¸ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº °í½ÄÀûÀÎ º¸Çà ÃøÁ¤ (gait speed, step length & width, peak plantar
pressure (PPP) magnitude & location)À» »ç¿ëÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó nonlinear dynamic measureÀÎ SamEn (hereafter, Gait entropy: GaitEn)¸¦
»ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ´Ù¾çÇÑ À¯ÇüÀÇ ´ç´¢ ÇÕº´Áõ(diabetic peripheral neuropathy(DPN), nephropathy, & retinopathy)°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© º¸ÇàÀÇ º¯È¸¦ ¿¬±¸ÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
2. Material and Methods
2.1.
Subjects
< Inclusion criteria >
-18¼¼ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ´ç´¢ ÇÕº´ÁõÀÌ Àְųª ¾ø´Â ´ç´¢º´ ȯÀÚ
-º¸Çà °¡´ÉÇÑ »ç¶÷
-±Ë¾çÀÇ º´·ÂÀÌ ¾ø°í, ÇöÀç
±Ë¾çÀÌ ¾ø´Â »ç¶÷
-Á¤Çü¿Ü°úÀû ¹®Á¦, ÇÏÁö ¼ö¼ú
¹× ½ÉÇ÷°ü ÁúȯÀÇ º´·ÂÀÌ ¾ø´Â »ç¶÷
-ÃÑ211¸í (¿©¼º 136¸í, ³²¼º 75¸í)
8°³ÀÇ ±ºÀ¸·Î
ºÐ·ù
1) ALL-C group: retinopathy+nephropathy+DPN
2) RNp: retinopathy+nephropathy
3) NNp: DPN+ nephropathy
4) RN : retinopathy+DPN
5) DPN: DPN
6) R: retinopathy
7) Np: nephropathy
8) control group (CONT): none of the three complications
2.2. Data
collection and processing
- ȯÀÚµéÀº gait assessment system (Walkway, Tekscan Inc., MA)¿¡¼ Á¤»óÀûÀÎ ¼Óµµ·Î µÎ Â÷·Ê °É¾ú´Ù.
- Walkway ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ÃÊ´ç 30 ÇÁ·¹ÀÓ ¼Óµµ·Î step´ç
plantar pressureÀÇ °ø°£Àû ºÐÆ÷¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.
- heel°ú forefootÀÇ PPPÀÇ Å©±â¿Í Ç¥ÁØÈµÈ (x, y) À§Ä¡¸¦ ÃßÃâÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ³»ºÎ Matlab code¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù.
2.3.
Gait computation
Gait cycleÀÇ stance phase µ¿¾ÈÀÇ
¿À¸¥¹ß°ú ¿Þ¹ßÀÇ pressure wave formÀ» ºÐ¸®ÇÏ°í ¸ð¾Æ ¿¬¼Ó ÆÄÇüÀ» Çü¼ºÇϵµ·Ï ±¸¼ºÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿À¸¥ÂÊ°ú ¿ÞÂÊ waveform °£ÀÇ GaitEn Â÷ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© °è»êµÇ¾ú´Ù.
3. Results
- PPP
in the heel region: CONT ±×·ì¿¡¼ DPN ±×·ì°ú ºñ±³ ½Ã À¯ÀÇÇÏ°Ô Áõ°¡ÇÔ.
- PPP in the forefoot region: CONT ±×·ì°ú DPN ±×·ì°£ À¯ÀÇÇÑ Â÷ÀÌ ¾øÀ½.
- Gait velocity: CONT ±×·ì¿¡¼ Np¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç ±×·ì°ú ºñ±³ ½Ã À¯ÀÇÇÏ°Ô Áõ°¡ÇÔ.
- Step length: CONT ±×·ì¿¡¼ NNp & Np¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç ±×·ì¿¡¼
À¯ÀÇÇÏ°Ô Áõ°¡ÇÔ.
- Step width: CONT ±×·ì°ú ´Ù¸¥ ±×·ì°£ À¯ÀÇÇÑ Â÷ÀÌ ¾øÀ½.
- GaitEn: DPN ±×·ì¿¡¼ CONT ±×·ì°ú ºñ±³ ½Ã À¯ÀÇÇÏ°Ô °¨¼Ò. neuropathy¿Í retinopathy ¶Ç´Â nephropathy°¡ µ¿¹ÝµÉ ¶§¿¡µµ °¨¼ÒµÈ gait entropy °üÂûµÊ.
- Correlation analysis: CONT ±×·ì¿¡¼ forefoot¿¡¼ÀÇ
PPP¿Í gait velocity¿Í step length
»çÀÌÀÇ À¯ÀÇÇÑ »ó°ü°ü°è °üÂûµÊ. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÇÕº´ÁõÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç ±×·ì¿¡¼´Â À¯ÀÇÇÑ »ó°ü°ü°è
°üÂûµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ½. ±× ¾î¶² ȯÀÚ ±×·ì¿¡¼µµ GaitEn°ú spatiotemporal ÆĶó¹ÌÅÍ »çÀÌ¿¡ À¯ÀÇÇÑ »ó°ü°ü°è´Â °üÂûµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ½.
4. Conclusion
- º» ¿¬±¸´Â ÀÓ»óÀûÀ¸·Î °¨ÁöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â
neuropathy¿Í ´ç´¢ ÇÕº´Áõ ¹ßº´ Àü º¸Çà ÀÌ»ó ¡ÈÄÀÇ À§Ç輺À» ¿¹ÃøÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â
biomechanical marker¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© ´ç´¢ ÇÕº´ÁõÀÌ º¸Çà¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ¿µÇâ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¿¬±¸Çß´Ù.
- Spatiotemporal º¸Çà ÆĶó¹ÌÅÍÀÇ ¾çÀû °¨¼Ò´Â
proprioceptive ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ º¸»ó ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁò ÀûÀÀ¿¡ µû¸¥ Á¶½É½º·¯¿î º¸Çà ÆÐÅÏÀ» ¹Ý¿µÇÑ´Ù. Áï, º¸Çà º¯È´Â ¸»ÃÊ °¨°¢ Á¤º¸ÀÇ °¨¼Ò¿Í ÁßÃß ½Å°æ°è·ÎÀÇ È®Àå ¶§¹®¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó º¸Çà complexity¸¦ ±ÔÁ¦ÇÏ°í Á¶ÀýÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© attention ¿ä±¸µµÀÇ
Áõ°¡ ¶§¹®ÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
- ´Ù¸¥ ±×·ì°ú ºñ±³ÇÏ¿© CONT±×·ìÀÇ GaitEnÀÇ ³ôÀº °ªÀº Á¤»óÀûÀÎ º¸Çà Áֱ⠵¿¾È ¹ß¹Ù´Ú
¾Ð·Â¿¡ ´õ ¸¹Àº ºÒ±ÔÄ¢¼ºÀÌ ÀÖÀ½À» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù. »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, º»
¿¬±¸¿¡¼ GaitEn ÃøÁ¤ÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ spatiotemporal ÆĶó¹ÌÅÍ¿Í
ÀüÇô »ó°ü°ü°è¸¦ º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Âµ¥ ÀÌ´Â GaitEn´Â ´ç´¢ ÇÕº´ÁõÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ º¸ÇàÀ» Á¶ÀýÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ½Å°æ°èÀÇ
³»ÀçÀû ÀûÀÀÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.